Betri ea Lithium e hapile Moputso oa Nobel oa Chemistry oa 2019!

Khau ea 2019 ea Nobel in Chemistry e fuoe John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, le Akira Yoshino bakeng sa tlatsetso ea bona tšimong ea libeteri tsa lithium.

Ha re hetla morao ho Khau ea Nobel ea Khemistri ea 1901-2018
Ka 1901, Jacobs Henriks Vantov (Netherlands): "O ile a sibolla melao ea lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'hemik'hale le khatello ea osmotic ea tharollo."

1902, Hermann Fischer (Jeremane): "Sebetsa ka ho kopanya tsoekere le li-purines."

Ka 1903, Sfant August Arrhenius (Sweden): "E ile ea hlahisa khopolo ea ionization."

Ka 1904, Sir William Ramsey (UK): "O ile a sibolla likarolo tse ntle tsa khase moeeng 'me a tseba boemo ba tsona lethathamong la likarolo tsa likarolo."

Ka 1905, Adolf von Bayer (Jeremane): "Phuputso ea lidae tsa tlhaho le metsoako e nkhang hamonate ea hydrogenated e khothalelitse nts'etsopele ea k'hemistri le indasteri ea lik'hemik'hale."

Ka 1906, Henry Moissan (Fora): "O ile a etsa lipatlisiso le ho arola element fluorine, 'me a sebelisa sebōpi sa motlakase se rehelletsoeng ka eena."

1907, Edward Buchner (Jeremane): "Sebetsa Lipatlisisong tsa Lik'hemik'hale tsa Lik'hemik'hale le ho Sibolloa ha ho belisoa ha Cell Free."

Ka 1908, Ernest Rutherford (UK): "Batlisisa ka phetoho ea likarolo le radiochemistry."

1909, Wilhelm Ostwald (Jeremane): "Mosebetsi oa lipatlisiso ka catalysis le melao-motheo ea tekano ea lik'hemik'hale le tekanyo ea lik'hemik'hale."

Ka 1910, Otto Wallach (Jeremane): "Mosebetsi oa bopula-maliboho lefapheng la metsoako ea alicyclic o ile oa khothalletsa tsoelo-pele ea lik'hemik'hale tsa tlhaho le indasteri ea lik'hemik'hale."

Ka 1911, Marie Curie (Poland): "o ile a sibolla likarolo tsa radium le polonium, radium e hloekisitsoeng 'me a ithuta thepa ea ntho ena e tsotehang le metsoako ea eona."

Ka 1912, Victor Grignard (Fora): "O ile a qapa reagent ea Grignard";

Paul Sabatier (Fora): "O ile a qapa mokhoa oa hydrogenation oa metsoako ea lintho tse phelang ka pel'a phofo e ntle ea tšepe."

Ka 1913, Alfred Werner (Switzerland): "Thuto ea likamano tsa athomo ka limolek'hule, haholo-holo lefapheng la lik'hemik'hale tse sa tloaelehang."

Ka 1914, Theodore William Richards (United States): "Boikemisetso bo nepahetseng ba boima ba athomo ba palo e kholo ea likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale."

Ka 1915, Richard Wilstedt (Jeremane): "Thuto ea limela tsa limela, haholo-holo thuto ea chlorophyll."

Ka 1916, ha ho likhau tse ileng tsa fanoa.

Ka 1917, ha ho likhau tse ileng tsa fanoa.

Ka 1918, Fritz Haber Jeremane "e ile ea etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le motsoako oa ammonia ho tloha linthong tse bonolo."

Ka 1919, ha ho likhau tse ileng tsa fanoa.

1920, Walter Nernst (Jeremane): "Thuto ea thermochemistry."

Ka 1921, Frederick Soddy (UK): "Monehelo ho kutloisiso ea batho ea lik'hemik'hale tsa thepa ea mahlaseli a kotsi, le thuto ea tšimoloho le thepa ea isotopes."

Ka 1922, Francis Aston (UK): "Palo e kholo ea li-isotopes tsa likarolo tse sa sebeliseng mahlaseli a kotsi li ile tsa sibolloa ho sebelisa spectrometer e kholo, 'me molao oa lipalo o ile oa hlakisoa."

Ka 1923, Fritz Pregel (Austria): "O thehile mokhoa oa microanalysis oa metsoako ea manyolo."

Ka 1924, ha ho likhau tse ileng tsa fanoa.

Ka 1925, Richard Adolf Sigmund (Jeremane): "O ile a hlakisa mofuta o fapaneng oa tharollo ea colloidal mme a theha mekhoa e amanang le tlhahlobo."

Ka 1926, Teodor Svedberg (Sweden): "Ithute ka litsamaiso decentralized."

Ka 1927, Heinrich Otto Wieland (Jeremane): "Lipatlisiso ka sebopeho sa bile acid le lintho tse amanang le tsona."

1928, Adolf Wendaus (Jeremane): "Ithute ka sebōpeho sa li-steroid le kamano ea tsona le livithamine."

Ka 1929, Arthur Harden (UK), Hans von Euler-Cherpin (Jeremane): "Lithuto mabapi le ho belisoa ha tsoekere le li-enzyme tsa belisoa."

1930, Hans Fischer (Jeremane): "Thuto ea ho hlophisoa ha heme le chlorophyll, haholo-holo thuto ea ho qaptjoa ha heme."

Ka 1931, Karl Bosch (Jeremane), Friedrich Bergius (Jeremane): "Ho qapa le ho ntshetsa pele theknoloji ea lik'hemik'hale tse phahameng tsa khatello."

Ka 1932, Irving Lanmere (USA): "Lipatlisiso le Sibollo ea Surface Chemistry."

Ka 1933, ha ho likhau tse ileng tsa fanoa.

Ka 1934, Harold Clayton Yuri (United States): "o ile a sibolla hydrogen e boima."

Ka 1935, Frederic Yorio-Curie (Fora), Irene Yorio-Curie (Fora): "Ho kopantsoe likarolo tse ncha tsa radioactive."

1936, Peter Debye (Netherlands): "Ho utloisisa sebopeho sa limolek'hule ka ho ithuta ka nako ea dipole le ho fapana ha X-rays le lielektrone ka likhase."

1937, Walter Haworth (UK): "Phuputso ka Lik'habohaedreite le Vithamine C";

Paul Keller (Switzerland): "Batlisisa ka carotenoids, flavin, vithamine A le vithamine B2".

1938, Richard Kuhn (Jeremane): "Batlisisa ka carotenoids le divithamini."

Ka 1939, Adolf Butnant (Jeremane): "Lipatlisiso ka li-hormone tsa thobalano";

Lavoslav Ruzicka (Switzerland): "Lipatlisiso ka polymethylene le terpenes e phahameng."

Ka 1940, ha ho likhau tse ileng tsa fanoa.

Ka 1941, ha ho likhau tse ileng tsa fanoa.

Ka 1942, ha ho likhau tse ileng tsa fanoa.

Ka 1943, George Dehevesi (Hungary): "Li-isotopes li sebelisoa e le li-tracers thutong ea mekhoa ea lik'hemik'hale."

Ka 1944, Otto Hahn (Jeremane): "Fumana ho arohana ha nyutlelie e matla."

Ka 1945, Alturi Ilmari Vertanen (Finland): "Lipatlisiso le ho qaptjoa ha temo le k'hemistri ea phepo e nepahetseng, haholo-holo mokhoa oa ho boloka lijo."

Ka 1946, James B. Sumner (USA): "Ho ile ha fumanoa hore li-enzyme li ka khabisoa";

John Howard Northrop (United States), Wendell Meredith Stanley (United States): "Ho lokiselitsoe li-enzyme tse phahameng tsa bohloeki le liprotheine tsa kokoana-hloko."

Ka 1947, Sir Robert Robinson (UK): "Lipatlisiso ka lihlahisoa tsa limela tsa bohlokoa ba likokoana-hloko, haholo-holo alkaloids."

Ka 1948, Arne Tisselius (Sweden): "Lipatlisiso ka electrophoresis le tlhahlobo ea adsorption, haholo-holo ka mokhoa o rarahaneng oa liprotheine tsa serum."

Ka 1949, William Geok (United States): "Menehelo tšimong ea lik'hemik'hale tsa thermodynamics, haholo-holo thuto ea lintho tse tlas'a mocheso o tlaase haholo."

Ka 1950, Otto Diels (Jeremane Bophirima), Kurt Alder (Jeremane Bophirimela): "o ile a sibolla le ho ntshetsa pele mokhoa oa diene synthesis."

Ka 1951, Edwin Macmillan (United States), Glenn Theodore Seaborg (United States): "o ile a sibolla likarolo tsa transuranic."

Ka 1952, Archer John Porter Martin (UK), Richard Lawrence Millington Singer (UK): "O ile a qapa chromatography ea karohano."

1953, Hermann Staudinger (Jeremane Bophirimela): "Liphuputso tsa lipatlisiso lefapheng la k'hemistri ea polymer."

1954, Linus Pauling (USA): "Thuto ea thepa ea lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'hemik'hale le ts'ebeliso ea eona ha ho etsoa tlhaloso ea sebopeho sa lintho tse rarahaneng."

Ka 1955, Vincent Divinho (USA): "Batlisisa ka metsoako e nang le sebabole ea bohlokoa ba lik'hemik'hale, haholo-holo motsoako oa lihomone tsa peptide ka lekhetlo la pele."

Ka 1956, Cyril Hinshelwood (UK) le Nikolai Semenov (Soviet Union): "Lipatlisiso ka mochine oa lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'hemik'hale."

1957, Alexander R. Todd (UK): "E sebetsa thutong ea nucleotide le nucleotide coenzymes."

1958, Frederick Sanger (UK): "Thuto ea sebopeho sa protheine le sebopeho, haholo thuto ea insulin."

Ka 1959, Jaroslav Herovsky (Rephabliki ea Czech): "o ile a sibolla le ho ntlafatsa mokhoa oa ho hlahloba polarographic."

Ka 1960, Willard Libby (United States): "Ho thehile mokhoa oa ho intša ho sebelisoa carbon 14 isotope, e sebelisoang haholo thutong ea ho epolloa ha lintho tsa khale, jeoloji, thuto ea fisiks le lithutong tse ling."

1961, Melvin Calvin (United States): "Phuputso mabapi le ho monngoa ha carbon dioxide ke limela."

Ka 1962, Max Perutz UK le John Kendrew UK "ba etsa lipatlisiso ka sebōpeho sa liprotheine tse chitja."

1963, Carl Ziegler (Jeremane Bophirimela), Gurio Natta (Italy): "Liphuputso tsa liphuputso lefapheng la k'hemistri ea polymer le thekenoloji."

Ka 1964, Dorothy Crawford Hodgkin (UK): "Ho sebelisa theknoloji ea X-ray ho hlahloba sebopeho sa lintho tse ling tsa bohlokoa tsa biochemical."

Ka 1965, Robert Burns Woodward (USA): "Katleho e Ikhethileng ho Organic Synthesis."

1966, Robert Mulliken (USA): "Lipatlisiso tsa motheo mabapi le litlamo tsa lik'hemik'hale le sebopeho sa elektronike sa limolek'hule ho sebelisa mokhoa oa limolek'hule oa orbital."

Ka 1967, Manfred Eigen (Jeremane Bophirima), Ronald George Rayford Norris (UK), George Porter (UK): "Ho sebelisa sekhahla se khutšoanyane sa matla ho leka-lekanya karabelo Mokhoa oa ho ferekanya, thuto ea lik'hemik'hale tse phahameng ka potlako."

Ka 1968, Lars Onsager (USA): "o ile a sibolla kamano e lumellanang e reheletsoeng ka eena, a rala motheo oa thermodynamics ea mekhoa e ke keng ea fetoloa."

Ka 1969, Derek Barton (UK), Odd Hassel (Norway): "E ntlafalitse mohopolo oa conformation le ts'ebeliso ea ona k'hemistri."

Ka 1970, Luiz Federico Leloire (Argentina): "o ile a sibolla li-nucleotide tsa tsoekere le karolo ea tsona ho biosynthesis ea lik'habohaedreite."

1971, Gerhard Herzberg (Canada): "Lipatlisiso ka sebopeho sa elektronike le geometry ea limolek'hule, haholo-holo li-radicals tsa mahala."

1972, Christian B. Anfinson (United States): "Lipatlisiso ka ribonuclease, haholo-holo thuto ea kamano pakeng tsa tatellano ea eona ea amino acid le biologically active conformation";

Stanford Moore (United States), William Howard Stein (United States): "Thuto ka kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea catalytic ea setsi se sebetsang sa molek'hule ea ribonuclease le sebopeho sa eona sa lik'hemik'hale."

Ka 1973, Ernst Otto Fischer (Jeremane Bophirima) le Jeffrey Wilkinson (UK): "Lipatlisiso tsa bopula-maliboho mabapi le lisebelisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa metsoako ea tšepe, e tsejoang hape e le metsoako ea sandwich."

1974, Paul Flory (USA): "Lipatlisiso tsa motheo mabapi le khopolo le teko ea k'hemistri ea 'mele ea polymer."

1975, John Conforth (UK): "Ithute ka stereochemistry ea enzyme-catalyzed reactions."

Vladimir Prelog (Switzerland): "Ithute ka stereochemistry ea limolek'hule tsa manyolo le karabelo";

1976, William Lipscomb (United States): "Phuputso ea sebōpeho sa borane e hlalositse bothata ba ho kopanya lik'hemik'hale."

Ka 1977, Ilya Prigogine (Belgium): "Monehelo ho thermodynamics e se nang tekano, haholo-holo khopolo ea sebopeho sa dissipative."

Ka 1978, Peter Mitchell (UK): "Ho sebelisa mokhoa oa theory of chemical permeation ho kenya letsoho kutloisisong ea phetisetso ea matla a likokoana-hloko."

Ka 1979, Herbert Brown (USA) le Georg Wittig (Jeremane Bophirimela): "Ho ntlafalitse metsoako e nang le boron le phosphorus e le li-reagents tsa bohlokoa ho organic synthesis, ka ho latellana."

Ka 1980, Paul Berg (United States): "Thuto ea biochemistry ea nucleic acids, haholo-holo thuto ea DNA recombinant";

Walter Gilbert (US), Frederick Sanger (UK): "Mekhoa ea ho Khetholla DNA Base Sequences in Nucleic Acids."

Ka 1981, Kenichi Fukui (Japan) le Rod Hoffman (USA): "Hlalosa ketsahalo ea liphetoho tsa lik'hemik'hale ka tsoelo-pele ea bona e ikemetseng ea likhopolo."

Ka 1982, Aaron Kluger (UK): "E ile ea ntlafatsa microscope ea elektronike ea kristale 'me ea ithuta sebopeho sa li-nucleic acid-protein complexes tse nang le bohlokoa ba likokoana-hloko."

Ka 1983, Henry Taub (USA): "Batlisisa ka mochine oa ho fetisoa ha elektronike haholo-holo ka metsoako ea tšepe."

Ka 1984, Robert Bruce Merrifield (USA): "Ho thehile mokhoa o tiileng oa ho kopanya lik'hemik'hale."

Ka 1985, Herbert Hauptman (United States), Jerome Carr (United States): "Liphihlello tse hlaheletseng ho nts'etsopele ea mekhoa e tobileng ea ho khetholla sebopeho sa kristale."

Ka 1986, Dudley Hirschbach (United States), Li Yuanzhe (United States), John Charles Polanyi (Canada): "Menehelo thutong ea mokhoa oa kinetic oa liphetoho tsa motheo tsa lik'hemik'hale."

Ka 1987, Donald Kramm (United States), Jean-Marie Lane (Fora), Charles Pedersen (United States): "Limolek'hule tse entsoeng le tse sebelisoang tse khonang ho khetha haholo litšebelisano tse khethehileng tsa sebopeho."

Ka 1988, John Dysenhofer (Jeremane Bophirima), Robert Huber (Jeremane Bophirima), Hartmut Michel (Jeremane Bophirima): “Boikemisetso ba sebopeho sa mahlakore a mararo sa setsi sa fotosynthetic reaction.

Ka 1989, Sydney Altman (Canada), Thomas Cech (USA): "e ile ea sibolla thepa ea catalytic ea RNA."

Ka 1990, Elias James Corey (United States): "Ho ntlafalitse khopolo le mokhoa oa ho kopanya lintho tse phelang."

1991, Richard Ernst (Switzerland): "Seabo ho nts'etsopele ea mekhoa ea spectroscopy ea nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) e nang le qeto e phahameng."

Ka 1992, Rudolph Marcus (USA): "Menehelo ho khopolo ea ho fetisoa ha elektronike tsamaisong ea lik'hemik'hale."

Ka 1993, Kelly Mullis (USA): "Ho ntlafalitse mekhoa ea lipatlisiso tsa lik'hemik'hale tse thehiloeng ho DNA le ho hlahisa polymerase chain reaction (PCR)";

Michael Smith (Canada): "Ho ntlafalitse mekhoa ea ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa DNA e thehiloeng ho DNA, 'me e kentse letsoho ho thehoeng ha oligonucleotide-based site-directed mutagenesis le tlatsetso ea eona ea motheo ho nts'etsopele ea lipatlisiso tsa protheine."

Ka 1994, George Andrew Euler (United States): "Menehelo ho lipatlisiso tsa k'hemistri ea carbocation."

Ka 1995, Paul Crutzen (Netherlands), Mario Molina (US), Frank Sherwood Rowland (US): “Phuputso ka k’hemistri ea sepakapaka, haholo-holo lipatlisiso mabapi le ho bōptjoa le ho bola ha ozone.”

1996 Robert Cole (United States), Harold Kroto (United Kingdom), Richard Smalley (United States): "Fumana fullerene."

Ka 1997, Paul Boyer (USA), John Walker (UK), Jens Christian Sko (Denmark): "O ile a hlakisa mokhoa oa enzymatic catalytic in synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)."

Ka 1998, Walter Cohen (USA): "theory density functional theory";

John Pope (UK): Ho ntlafalitse mekhoa ea likhomphutha ho chemistry ea quantum.

Ka 1999, Yamid Ziwell (Egepeta): "Ithute ka maemo a phetoho ea lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'hemik'hale ho sebelisa femtosecond spectroscopy."

Ka 2000, Alan Haig (United States), McDelmead (United States), Hideki Shirakawa (Japan): "e ile ea sibolla le ho ntlafatsa li-polymers tse tsamaisang."

Ka 2001, William Standish Knowles (US) le Noyori Ryoji (Japan): "Lipatlisiso ka Chiral Catalytic Hydrogenation";

Barry Sharpless (USA): "Ithute ka Chiral Catalytic Oxidation."

Ka 2002, John Bennett Finn (USA) le Koichi Tanaka (Japan): "Mekhoa e tsoetseng pele ea ho tsebahatsa le ho hlahloba sebopeho sa macromolecules ea likokoana-hloko, 'me e thehile mokhoa o bonolo oa ionization oa desorption bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea spectrometry ea boima ba macromolecules ea likokoana-hloko";

Kurt Wittrich (Switzerland): "Ho ntlafalitse mekhoa ea ho khetholla le ho hlahloba sebopeho sa li-macromolecules tsa baeloji, 'me ho thehile mokhoa oa ho hlahloba sebopeho sa mahlakore a mararo sa limolek'hule tsa baeloji ka tharollo ka ho sebelisa spectroscopy ea nuclear magnetic resonance."

Ka 2003, Peter Agre (USA): "Thuto ea li-channel tsa ion ka lisele tsa lisele li fumane litsela tsa metsi";

Roderick McKinnon (United States): "Thuto ea likanale tsa ion ka har'a lisele tsa lisele, thuto ea sebopeho sa mocha oa ion le mochini."

Ka 2004, Aaron Chehanovo (Iseraele), Avram Hershko (Israel), Owen Ross (US): "e ile ea sibolla ho senyeha ha protheine ea ubiquitin-mediated."

Ka 2005, Yves Chauvin (Fora), Robert Grubb (US), Richard Schrock (US): "Ho ntlafalitse mokhoa oa ho etsa metathesis ho organic synthesis."

Ka 2006, Roger Kornberg (USA): "Batlisisa motheong oa limolek'hule tsa mongolo oa eukaryotic."

2007, Gerhard Eter (Jeremane): "Lipatlisiso ka ts'ebetso ea lik'hemik'hale tsa libaka tse tiileng."

Ka 2008, Shimomura Osamu (Japan), Martin Chalfie (United States), Qian Yongjian (United States): "Ho sibolloa le ho fetoloa ha protheine e tala ea fluorescent (GFP)."

Ka 2009, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (UK), Thomas Steitz (USA), Ada Jonat (Israel): "Lipatlisiso ka sebopeho le mosebetsi oa ribosomes."

2010 Richard Heck (USA), Negishi (Japan), Suzuki Akira (Japan): "Lipatlisiso ka Palladium-catalyzed Coupling Reaction in Organic Synthesis."

Ka 2011, Daniel Shechtman (Iseraele): "Ho sibolloa ha quasicrystals."

Ka 2012, Robert Lefkowitz, Bryan Kebirka (United States): "Batlisisa ka li-receptors tsa G protein-coupled."

Ka 2013, Martin Capras (United States), Michael Levitt (United Kingdom), Yale Vachel: E entsoe ka mefuta e mengata ea mekhoa e mengata ea lik'hemik'hale tse rarahaneng.

Ka 2014, Eric Bezig (United States), Stefan W. Hull (Jeremane), William Esko Molnar (United States): Liphihlello tšimong ea super-resolution fluorescence microscopy Achievement.

Ka 2015, Thomas Lindahl (Sweden), Paul Modric (USA), Aziz Sanjar (Turkey): Lipatlisiso ka mochine oa cellular oa ho lokisa DNA.

Ka 2016, Jean-Pierre Sova (Fora), James Fraser Stuart (UK / US), Bernard Felinga (Netherlands): Ho qapa le ho kopanya mechine ea limolek'hule.

Ka 2017, Jacques Dubochet (Switzerland), Achim Frank (Jeremane), Richard Henderson (UK): o ile a hlahisa li-microscopes tsa cryo-electron bakeng sa boikemisetso bo phahameng ba sebopeho sa li-biomolecules ka tharollo.

Halofo ea likhau tsa 2018 e ile ea fuoa rasaense oa Moamerika Frances H. Arnold (Frances H. Arnold) ka lebaka la ho lemoha ha hae ho fetoha ha li-enzyme tse tobileng; halofo e 'ngoe e ile ea fuoa bo-rasaense ba Amerika (George P. Smith) le rasaense oa Brithani Gregory P. Winter (Gregory P. Winter) ka kananelo Ba ile ba hlokomela theknoloji ea pontšo ea phage ea li-peptide le li-antibodies.